Genetic Engineering The Field Of Human Biotechnology

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is a set of techniques for isolating, transforming, multiplying and recombining genes from different organisms. Simply put, it is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. Genetic engineering originated in the 1970s as a result of the discovery of several key techniques in molecular genetics. It is also referred to as recombinant (rDNA) technology. Genetic Engineering enables geneticists to transfer genes between species that belong to different kingdoms which have no probability of inter-breeding in nature. For instance, a fish gene can be transferred to a plant; human genes can be transferred to animals. A gene is a section of DNA on the chromosome, usually about a†¦show more content†¦It can be said that only one of 100 fertilized eggs produce a viable offspring. An example is the Dolly the Sheep , a female domestic sheep and the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell (nuclear transfer) on July 5 1996. Moreover, Scientists are planning to make the first human clone. However, most Scientists prefer the therapeutic cloning to the reproductive cloning due to the complexity of humans and the ethical issues involved. In therapeutic cloning, cells are taken from healthy organs and completely new organs are given to people who need organ transplants (Campbell and Reece, 2005). There are always two sides to a coin. Genetic engineering has both benefits and disadvantages. Through Genetic engineering, parents can modify their unborn children in order to spare them from disease. It can be used to treat human genetic disorders. According to Medical scientists, there are about 3,000 disorders that arise because of errors in an individual s DNA with conditions such as sickle-cell anaemia, Tay-Sachs disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Huntington s chorea, cystic fibrosis, to mention a few. These could result from the loss, mistaken insertion, or change of a single nitrogen base in a DNA molecule. Scientists use the process of Genetic Engineering to provide individuals lacking a particular gene with correct copies of that gene. If the correct gene functions effectively,

The Construct Of Empathy, By Great Thinkers From Various...

The construct of empathy attracts the interest of academics from various fields of study, particularly in subfields of psychology. Its function and associated processes in moral development have been discussed for centuries by great thinkers from various disciplines. Hoffman (1982) defines empathy as â€Å"an affective response more appropriate to another’s situation than one’s own†. Nonetheless, the notion of empathy has always been a complex concept, and the lack of uniformity in the usage and understanding of the term underlying the multiple definitions and conceptualizations implies that there is no correct definition. In other words, there seems to be a pregnant ambiguous consensus on how we empathise with others. However, one could rightfully argue that this ambiguity echoes the multidimensional aspect of empathy that involves not only automatic and emotional aspects but also aspects of a more reflective and conceptual kind. Due to empathy’s value in our society, multiple attempts have been made to develop instruments and procedures, varying from cross-species comparative studies (Flombaum Santos, 2005; Silk, Brosnan, Vonk, Henrich, Povinelli, Richardson, et al., 2005) to characterizing the neural basis of empathy using fMRI (Singer, 2006; Singer Lamm, 2009). Psychologists have consistently worked on conceptualizing and ultimately measuring empathy. Such efforts led to the development of countless instruments, with the most common ones being self-reportShow MoreRelatedThe Social Construct Of The New Zealand Curriculum Essay1987 Words   |  8 PagesThis assignment will look at the social construct of the New Zealand Curriculum and how I believe I can implement it to best benefit the students that I will be teaching. It will look at the strengths I bring, the ideas I have about community and the benefits that community can have on the operation of the school. 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Physics Chapter 2 Notes Free Essays

I noticed that I have not described the rule of F=ma in either the last email or this one. Where would you suggest it be described? Somehow the details of adding forces and balanced forces were missed in the last email and also it did not make perfect sense for me to note. As far as I am concerned the khan academy does not lecture it so I am not too sure in what to do about this. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Chapter 2 Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am assuming finding velocity is the sole purpose of applying the law of conservation of momentum. Is this true? I also would like to note that a graph could not be drawn in some situations again due to me lacking the technology to send photos of handwritten notes. Hence there is sadly no examples of a problem for translational equilibrium and for the force-time graph in which impulse can be identified. I also have referred to explosions as divisions. Is this appropriate? Newton’s First Law of Motion: A body will remain at rest or moving with constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Example: †¢ Q: while traveling in train if one throws a ball up it lands on his palm though the train is moving. my doubt is that though the ball is detached from motion how does it manage to land on his palm though he is moving along with the train? A: he ball lands on your hand because the ball is, in reality, traveling at the same velocity as the train, you, and everything else on, or part of the train. The ball is not at rest, because assume while the train was accelerating, you were holding the ball. Since you were moving with the train, then the ball is moving at the same velocity you are, and therefore, the same speed the train is moving. Translational Equilibrium: The condition for translational equilibrium is for all the forces acting on a body to be balanced Newtons Second Law of Motion: Momentum is the product of mass and velocity (p = mv). It is measured in kg m /s and is a vector quantity. Impulse is the change in momentum when an object reacts to clashing with an external force (momentum after – momentum before) The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the unbalanced force acting on that body and takes place in the same direction. Example: †¢ Q: There is a car with 500 KG mass and constant velocity 50 mph. As the car hits a wall what force will be applied on the wall? as the velocity is constant the acceleration would be zero and substituting in the second law F = 500 x 0 =0 †¢ A: In the first question, the acceleration is not zero. It is zero before the car hits the wall, but when it hits the wall, the car will go from a speed of 50 mph to 0 mph in a very short space of time, which is a big deceleration (acceleration in the other direction), until it’s speed is zero. The wall will experience an acceleration away from the car. Hence there is a substantial force. Newtons Third Law of Motion: If body A exerts a force on body B, Body B will exert an equal and opposite force on Body A. Example: †¢ Q: I have a pen and I push it with an arbitrary amount of force. The pen will exert the same amount of force on me. So wouldn’t the forces cancel? And wouldn’t the pen not move at all? †¢ A: The forces are equal, but that does not mean this is no reaction. F=ma says that the reaction on each object (you and the pen) due to equal forces will be based on yours and the pens masses. If you and the pen are of equal mass, you and the pen will receive equal acceleration, just in the opposite directions. In space (no friction), the pen will start to move in one direction and you will start to move in the opposite direction, the speed of each based on the individuals or objects mass. The Law of Conservation of Momentum: Basically, this is just a combination of Newton’s 3 laws but is useful when solving problems. For a system of isolated bodies, the total momentum is always the same. When solving problems for impulse and momentum; in a hypothetical situation (in order for this law to apply), where everything in space is isolated from the rest of the universe; momentum before and after are equal and therefore impulse is 0. Hence, pronumerals such as velocity is found by interpreting questions where different bodies may collide or where a body may divide. The area under a force (y-axis) – time (x-axis) graph is equal to the impulse. Work, Energy and Power: These are quantities which help explain what enables one body to push another. †¢ Work:  ° Work = force x distance moved in direction of the force. It is measured in newtonmetres (Nm), which is a joule (J). Work is a scalar quantity.  ° In the cases of the force being non-constant, the formula for work would only apply if the average force is used. Hence, by use of a graphical method, the area under force-distance graph is equal to the work done †¢ Energy:  ° Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy a body has due to its movement. For a body to gain this it has to have work done on it. The amount of work that is done is equal to the increase in kinetic energy. A gain in this is expressed by the formula: mv^2/2  ° Gravitational potential energy (PE) is the energy a body has due to to its position above the Earth. A gain in this is expressed by the formula: mgh  ° loss of KE = gain in PE, gain in KE = loss in PE  ° The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed and it is only changed from one form to another.  ° KE and PE are the two most basic forms of energy. When more complicated systems are learnt, there is a whole variety of different forms of energy in which to do work. Exaples include petrol, gas, electricity, solar and nuclear.  ° Energy, collisions and division: * Elastic collisions are collisions in which both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. * Inelastic collisions are collisions in which not all momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. Therefore, this has many outcomes. * Divisions are always inelastic because without any work and therefore increasing the KE, the segments that seperate after the division would not have any KE and would therefore not be moving. The energy to initiate a division often comes from the chemical energy contained within a body. Power:  ° Power is the work done per unit time. It is measured in J/s, which is a watt (W). Power is also a scalar quantity. †¢ Efficiency:  ° Efficiency = useful work out / work put in. It is not measured in any units and is a scalar quantity.  ° Due to the law of conservation of energy, efficiency can never be greater than 1.  ° The useful work out is found by the u nbalanced force on the box.  ° The work put in is found by the work done by the pulling force. Uniform Circular Motion: When describing motion in a circle we often use quatities reffering to the angular rather than the linear quantities. Centripetal acceleration is where the change in velocity of a body is directed towards the centre of a circle in the frame of its motion being circular. This is expressed by the formula: a = v^2 /2 Centripetal Force is the force acting on the body towards the centre of the circle. This is expressed by F = mv^2 /r N = kg/m/s^2 F = ma. Force is mass times acceleration. Acceleration is change in velocity over time. Velocity is distance over time. So acceleration is change in distance over time over time, or distance over time squared. How to cite Physics Chapter 2 Notes, Essay examples

The 60s as a New Frontier - John Kennedys Inaugural Address

Question: Discuss about the The 60s as a New Frontier - John Kennedys Inaugural Address. Answer: Introduction: The 1960 is beginning of the Americas from the dawn of the golden age with the face of John F. Kennedy. John Kennedy was the main frontier of the most important part of the coming 60s. The era of 1960 was coming with unusual changes not in America as well as to other countries; those were connected through culture and people who is part of it. This start was not just the beginning of 1960 but the future of America also, where poverty and social discrimination is more than anyone ever expected. With the inaugural address of John Kennedy, the hopes of the people of America are somehow gives believe in his presidency. The president who was believed to be of the 20th century through ideas towards the future of America which was came never before. The inaugural address of John Kennedy was very well mentioned with expectation of people who are from America or other countries that is African Americans or Native Americans. The address was clear with their initiative, they about to bring for the future and one of the most vital to everyone wanted is peace that was lost due to the heavy burden of weapons, poverty, social discrimination between man and woman and colors. As the inaugural address began the main agenda is clearly expressed that is freedom or it can said as emblematic of freedom was raised with winning of John Kennedy (AE Television Networks, 2016). With the speech of Kennedy words the world is very different now is clearly indication of people from other countries who became part of the America, which kept America into the strike, lost in peace as white people are not ready to give or share with people of another country that is said to be black people. As the speech went further Kennedy main strike was severe problems which affect the peace of America that is poverty, eradication of food, things which were against the nature or well being of human being. The John Kennedys was cleared with the aim as well as positively about the steps need to be taken to cover up situation that provide an America status of nonviolent country. The words ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country which encouraged people towards betterment and contribution for their own and America (Jeff, 2016). Mainly every line of the speech of John Kennedy included well being of the people of the America as well as of the whole world by making it clear what was expected from America. The attributes of John Kennedy speech refreshed the citizens of America to do something for their country and the message was delivered to every corner of the country as well as world to help them make a safer place to live by outnumbering peace and humanity with weapons which burdened the country. John Kennedy tried every possible way to encourage their citizens for peace by mentioning them about their tradition and culture by motivating to get all possible help from all the spheres. Its possible not only he chose his country, but culture of other countries is also chosen (John F. Kennedy Presidential library and museum, 1961). The People of America were distinctly expressed with intentions that raised hopes and increased confidence for the better life they are seeing in thoughts of their new president as ev ery person welcomed to come out and take the initiative to make the world a secure place to live. Inaugural speech of John Kennedy included every part that makes any country a safe and secure place to live that are by stopping the production of weapons and terror, reducing the use of atoms or any negative use of science which can affect human or mankind, encouraging for the use of wonders science for the betterment of life. John Kennedy warned the people of America or every country, whether individually or collectively to come up or curb from any wrong way which can affect peace which was the immediate requirement. With the inaugural address of John Kennedy and his charisma encouraged the youth towards the new frontier, which give rise in the participation of the youth in the civil rights movement. Every way was used to gather people to act collectively by forgetting any kind of discrimination and leaving any kind of hatred aside by summoning his victory as a symbol of freedom that was to free people from any kind of problem going through that is poverty, racism and unemployment (Lee Austen, 2015). The invitation that was given to every nook and corner of America and other countries which are under the consideration or not with the possibilities of a coming future by John Kennedy, so that any wrong happening can be prevented. The ways that he used was by warning them about the reach of cooperation, by staying divided, wrong use of science that can hamper the growth or in any way can relate to America, this may be considered as the fear that was expressed before he witness any. His strong expression towards the countries to not to take or believe America weak nation by mentioning do not be antagonist and requested them to participate them peace it can be expressed as concern and hope. John Kennedys idea of world with peace and betterment was the symbolic of the 1960s as it began with the initiative of the president who strongly recommended the world to act collectively bolster with security of law and peace where the weak is secured and peace is preserved (SHMOOP University, 201 6). The inaugural address was indicative of bringing peace and bringing action non-violently, which was the main agenda to overcome the terror and differentiation which is going at a pace between African-Americans, with the native Americans. The movement called civil right movement that began for inclusions of African-American to enter in public places by giving them civil rights that later extended to the womens freedom has to be given in male dominant society. John Kennedy made use of every possible way to make a world safer place by encouraging them to make it better, so that no one has to shift to other places or no need of joining other societies when you make the effort. The awareness and sense of freedom were begun with the inaugural address of John Kennedy, which kept everyone equal with no inequality between sex, race and color. The period of the 60s was different from the previous periods as from 1960, sense of awareness has been shifted between the world to their own world by raising a movement and protesting with no violence which was the mark of the inaugural address by John Kennedy which indicates towards peace. There are various movements happened that is a civil right movement which started from African American then included native Americans after that womens also. The other was space programs that are the three person Apollo spacecraft, which achieved Kennedys goal which left a mark to world that United States surpassed the soviet capabilities and this achievement was carried forward by the president Lyndson Johnson, after the assassination of John Kennedy. The last and the most important mark which was left by in the 1960s is the war which can further affect the peace and world as the war was taken over decisively by John Kennedy, which gave him the more trust of people and made him favorite for re -election for president of the United States of America (Walsh, 2010). The war that can have multi effects that can be called as a nuclear effect was called off with decision of John Kennedy at the last moment by putting pressure by announcing curb on missile delivery from one place to another which saved the world from effecting peace and created awareness among people by announcing it instead of solving diplomatically. This period of 1960s changed the world ideology by awakening them to remove social barriers, which are affecting their growth and sense of freedom. The John Kennedy, though won the elections from Nixon, but with little margin, which kept him for not making reforms which can boost the economy of America. Unaccepted reforms did not stop John Kennedy as he made the very best possible use of human and economic resources of America. With new president, many problems surrendered with peace and solving it with the help of people as that wage rate was the highest of all time that is $95 a week. As from this period, it recognized that there would be a gay right movement that can be seen from white people or from male dominant society that is women started protest for their rights. In the 1960s, barriers between rich and poor, black with white and difference of equality between men and women removed, so that there would not be any kind of differentiation between the people whatever work they d o. In the period of John Kennedy, important advances were made for the uniformity in America and the removal of any kind of racism, whether between rich or poor or people of another country. The efforts are by opening forty-one additional school districts in the South America by giving admission to Negro students into formerly all-white schools making to 897 the number of school districts, peaceful sitting of Negro and white students together starting from 1960. This has not only outpaced the peace, but also had ended segregation in restaurants and at lunch counters in more than 200 southern communities. This gives the sign of "freedom rides," the name given to orderly, non-violent protests against segregation in public transport facilities. With the winning of John Kennedy, theres a huge motivation to youth as cabinet of the white house was the youngest of all, the past officer who joined a cabinet of the white house. The sign of freedom is for all who can contribute to the growth of America. For example, black people were given a participation in the cabinet or all government level services that is inclusion at higher level posts with white people, so that there would not be any kind of racism. In the inaugural address of John Kennedy, he expressed torch has been passed to the new range of Americans referred to the youth (U.S. Department of State, 2008). During that period, Counter culture was much known among the people to go opposite the culture by longer hair and beards became common, blue jeans and tee shirts took the place of jackets, slacks, and ties. The Beatles, the rolling stones and other British groups, single singer became popular. The youth counterculture took the final stage when it took the festival, whi ch is mythological in films and record albums, and name was the Woodstock generation. After this, there was a beginning of manifestation of the new thinking of youth that led the rise of young and college all from age radicals. The advent of the John Kennedy frontier was not only emblematic of freedom, but also of equality in all kinds of spheres. With the beginning of 1960, it was clearly stated that another revolution was about to begin which happened with the new presidents and its inaugural address which motivated all the depressed people and warned the wrongdoers. This 60s hold the future of America by giving them a sense of freedom and social equality which was clearly stated in inaugural address that everyone have right to live equally without caring about rich and poor, color discrimination or any kind of discrimination which can affect the peace of society. The John Kennedy addresses not only present situation, but coming future also as he stated in his speech this change would not take 100 days or 1000 days or in his administration, change will begin when people start working on it. This charismatic effect not only become the motivation for the people, but also symbolic of 1960 when the administra tion and people started working together for peace and well being of everyone on this earth. Bibliography AE Television Networks, L. (2016). The 1960S: The great societyY. The 1960S: The great societyY. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/1960s Jeff. (2016). A Decade of Change: A 60's timeline of events. Retrieved from https://www.jeffs60s.com: https://www.jeffs60s.com/timeline.php John F. Kennedy Presidential library and museum. (1961, Janaury 20). Inaugural Address, 20 January 1961. Inaugural Address, 20 January 1961. Retrieved from https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/BqXIEM9F4024ntFl7SVAjA.aspx Lee, H., Austen, J. (2015). John F. Kennedy: Congressman. John F. Kennedy: Congressman. Retrieved from https://www.shmoop.com/john-f-kennedy/congressman.html SHMOOP University. (2016). Culture in the 1960's. Retrieved from https://www.shmoop.com: https://www.shmoop.com/1960s/culture.html U.S. Department of State. (2008, April 05). The rise of cultural and ethnic pluralism. The rise of cultural and ethnic pluralism. Retrieved from https://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080407123655eaifas0.7868769.html#axzz4FESmmeji Walsh, K. T. (2010, March 12). The 1960s: A Decade of Change for Women. The 1960s: A Decade of Change for Women. Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/03/12/the-1960s-a-decade-of-change-for-women